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58 Cognitive and Brain Reserve Predict a Decline in Adverse Driving Behaviors Among Cognitively Normal Older Adults
- Samantha A Murphy, Ling Chen, Jason M Doherty, Prerana Acharyya, Noah Riley, Ann M Johnson, Alexis Walker, Hailee Domash, Maren Jorgenson, Ganesh M Babulal
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 365-366
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Objective:
Daily driving behavior is ultimate measure of cognitive functioning requiring multiple cognitive domains working synergistically to complete this complex instrumental activity of daily living. As the world’s population continues to grow and age older, motor vehicle crashes become more frequent. Cognitive and brain reserve are developing constructs that are frequently assessed in aging research. Cognitive reserve preserves functioning in the face of greater loss of brain structure as experienced during cognitive impairment or dementia. This study determined whether cognitive reserve and brain reserve predict changes in adverse driving behaviors in cognitively normal older adults.
Participants and Methods:Cognitively normal participants (Clinical Dementia Rating 0) were enrolled from longitudinal studies at the Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Washington University. Participants (n=186) were ≥ 65 years of age, required to have Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data, neuropsychological testing data, as well as one full year of naturalistic driving data prior to the beginning of COVID-19 lockdown in the United States (March 2020). Naturalistic driving behavior data was collected via the Driving Real World In-vehicle Evaluation System (DRIVES). DRIVES variables included idle time, over speeding, aggression, number of trips, including those at day and night. MRI was performed on 3T Tesla using a research imaging protocol based upon ADNI that includes a high-resolution T1 MPRAGE for assessment of brain structures to produce normalized whole brain volume (WBV) and hippocampal volume (HV). WBV and HV were each assessed using tertiles comparing the top 66% with the bottom 33% where the bottom represented increased atrophy. The Word Reading subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test 4 (WRAT 4) was utilized as a proxy for cognitive reserve. WRAT 4 scores were compared with the top 66% and the bottom 33% where the bottom were poor performers. Linear-mixed-effect models adjusted for age, education, and sex.
Results:Participants on average were older (73.7±4.9), college educated (16.6±2.2), and similar sex distribution (males=100, females=86). Analyses showed statistically significant differences in slopes where participants with increased hippocampal and whole brain atrophy were less likely to overspeed (p=0.0035; p=0.0003), drive aggressively (p=0.0016; p<0.0001), and drive during the daytime (p<0.0001; p<0.0001). However, they were more likely to spend more time idling (p=0.0005; p<0.0001) and drive during the nighttime (p=0.003; p=0.0002). Similar findings occurred with the WRAT 4 where participants with lower scores were less likely to overspeed (p=0.0035), drive aggressively (p=0.0024), hard brake (p=0.0180), and drive during the daytime (p<0.0001) while they were more likely to also spend more time idling (p=0.0012) and drive during the nighttime (p=0.0004).
Conclusions:Numerous changes in driving behaviors over time were predicted by increased hippocampal and whole brain atrophy as well as lower cognitive reserve scores proxied by the WRAT 4. These changes show that those with lower brain and cognitive reserve are more likely to restrict their driving behavior and adapt their daily behaviors as they age. These results suggest older adults with lower brain and cognitive reserve are more likely to avoid highways where speeding and aggressive maneuvers are more frequent.
Virtual reality (VR) therapy for patients with psychosis: satisfaction and side effects
- Daniel Freeman, Laina Rosebrock, Felicity Waite, Bao Sheng Loe, Thomas Kabir, Ariane Petit, Robert Dudley, Kate Chapman, Anthony Morrison, Eileen O'Regan, Charlotte Aynsworth, Julia Jones, Elizabeth Murphy, Rosie Powling, Heather Peel, Harry Walker, Rory Byrne, Jason Freeman, Aitor Rovira, Ushma Galal, Ly-Mee Yu, David M. Clark, Sinéad Lambe
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 10 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 April 2022, pp. 4373-4384
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Background
Automated virtual reality therapies are being developed to increase access to psychological interventions. We assessed the experience with one such therapy of patients diagnosed with psychosis, including satisfaction, side effects, and positive experiences of access to the technology. We tested whether side effects affected therapy.
MethodsIn a clinical trial 122 patients diagnosed with psychosis completed baseline measures of psychiatric symptoms, received gameChange VR therapy, and then completed a satisfaction questionnaire, the Oxford-VR Side Effects Checklist, and outcome measures.
Results79 (65.8%) patients were very satisfied with VR therapy, 37 (30.8%) were mostly satisfied, 3 (2.5%) were indifferent/mildly dissatisfied, and 1 (0.8%) person was quite dissatisfied. The most common side effects were: difficulties concentrating because of thinking about what might be happening in the room (n = 17, 14.2%); lasting headache (n = 10, 8.3%); and the headset causing feelings of panic (n = 9, 7.4%). Side effects formed three factors: difficulties concentrating when wearing a headset, feelings of panic using VR, and worries following VR. The occurrence of side effects was not associated with number of VR sessions, therapy outcomes, or psychiatric symptoms. Difficulties concentrating in VR were associated with slightly lower satisfaction. VR therapy provision and engagement made patients feel: proud (n = 99, 81.8%); valued (n = 97, 80.2%); and optimistic (n = 96, 79.3%).
ConclusionsPatients with psychosis were generally very positive towards the VR therapy, valued having the opportunity to try the technology, and experienced few adverse effects. Side effects did not significantly impact VR therapy. Patient experience of VR is likely to facilitate widespread adoption.
Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music
- Jason Long, Jim Murphy, Dale Carnegie, Ajay Kapur
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- Journal:
- Organised Sound / Volume 22 / Issue 2 / August 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 July 2017, pp. 195-205
- Print publication:
- August 2017
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The discipline of electroacoustic music is most commonly associated with acousmatic musical forms such as tape-music and musique concrète, and the electroacoustic historical canon primarily centres around the mid-twentieth-century works of Pierre Schaeffer, Karlheinz Stockhausen, John Cage and related artists. As the march of technology progressed in the latter half of the twentieth century, alternative technologies opened up new areas within the electroacoustic discipline such as computer music, hyper-instrument performance and live electronic performance. In addition, the areas of electromagnetic actuation and musical robotics also allowed electroacoustic artists to actualise their works with real-world acoustic sound-objects instead of or along side loudspeakers. While these works owe much to the oft-cited pioneers mentioned above, there exists another equally significant alternative history of artists who utilised electric, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic and other sources of power to create what is essentially electroacoustic music without loudspeakers. This article uncovers this ‘missing history’ and traces it to its earliest roots over a thousand years ago to shed light on often-neglected technological and artistic developments that have shaped and continue to shape electronic music today.
Postemergence Control of Hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy × Cynodon dactylon)
- Jason A. Ferrell, Tim R. Murphy, David C. Bridges
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 19 / Issue 3 / September 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 636-639
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Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] control for at least 1 yr is necessary to establish other forage species in pasture and hay field renovations, or to plant pine (Pinus spp.) in infested fields. Potential herbicides for hybrid Bermudagrass control were evaluated using single, repeat, and multiyear applications. Repeat applications were made 30 d after the first application beginning in mid-August each year. Imazapyr applied once at 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha controlled hybrid Bermudagrass (cv. ‘Tifton 44’) 88 and 97%, respectively, 52 wk after treatment with no difference between rates observed. Additionally, imazapyr applied for two consecutive years controlled hybrid Bermudagrass 100%. Glyphosate isopropylamine salt and glyphosate trimethylsulfonium salt, applied for 1 yr at rates of 4.2 or 1.7 fb (followed by) 1.7 kg ae/ha and 4.8 or 1.9 fb 1.9 kg ae/ha, respectively, provided between 70 and 78% control at 52 wk after the last treatment (WALT). Hybrid Bermudagrass control from either formulation of glyphosate applied for two consecutive years ranged between 79 and 91% at 52 WALT. Relative to a 1-yr application program, either glyphosate formulation applied for two consecutive years did not significantly improve Bermudagrass control at 52 WALT. The addition of fluazifop-P at 0.42 kg ai/ha or clethodim at 0.2 kg ai/ha to glyphosate formulations did not significantly improve hybrid Bermudagrass control relative to glyphosate applied alone. However, a tank-mix of clethodim plus either formulation of glyphosate applied for two consecutive years generally improved hybrid Bermudagrass control relative to applications in only 1 yr.
Using Preemergence Herbicides to Improve Establishment of Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) from Seed
- Jason A. Ferrell, Tim R. Murphy, Theodore M. Webster
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 20 / Issue 3 / September 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 682-687
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Centipedegrass is a warm-season turf grass that has increased in popularity in recent years. However, more information is needed on the use of herbicides during centipedegrass establishment from seed, particularly in seed and sod production systems. The intent of this study was to evaluate turf-grass injury and weed control when atrazine, imazapic, imazethapyr, and simazine are applied immediately after seeding centipedegrass. Atrazine and simazine (applied at 1.1, 2.2, and 4.4 kg ai/ ha) injured centipedegrass less than 15% at 5 wk after treatment (WAT) in 2001. Imazethapyr and imazapic (applied at 0.04, 0.07, and 0.1 kg ai/ha) injured centipedegrass between 7 and 13%, 5 WAT, in 2001 and from 30 to 77% in 2002. Herbicide and application rate also affected centipedegrass cover. At 3 WAT, cover decreased with all herbicides as application rate increased. At 12 WAT in both years, centipedegrass cover increased as atrazine application rate increased and imazethapyr application rate decreased. Imazapic and simazine were less consistent, causing increases in cover one year and decreases, or no change, the next. Imazapic controlled Texas panicum 80 to 89% and was more effective than any other herbicide. Atrazine and simazine controlled crowfootgrass better than any other herbicide. Imazethapyr often injured centipedegrass and failed to control weeds. Atrazine effectively controlled grass and broadleaf weeds with minimal centipedegrass injury. Imazethapyr and imazapic were too injurious to permit usage during centipedegrass establishment from seed.
Preemergence Control of Spotted Spurge (Chamaesyce maculata) with Flumioxazin as Influenced by Formulation and Activation Moisture
- Glenn Wehtje, Q. Yang, Charles H. Gilliam, Anna-Marie Murphy, Jason Fausey
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 29 / Issue 1 / March 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 108-114
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Flumioxazin is commonly used in nursery production for PRE weed control. Container nursery producers are of the opinion that the granular formulation is less effective than the sprayable formulation. Under the hypothesis that the granular formulation may require more water for activation, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the interaction of flumioxazin formulation, rate, and activation moisture for PRE control of spotted spurge in a pine-bark substrate. Experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of four experimental variables; flumioxazin formulation (granular and spray), and flumioxazin rate (0.28 and 0.42 kg ai ha−1), substrate moisture level at the time of application (dry, medium, and wet), and after-application irrigation level (a single irrigation at 0.6, 1.3, 2.5, and 5.1 cm). Treated pots were seeded with spotted spurge 2 d after the herbicide application, which was 1 d after the first irrigation. Control as indicated by spotted spurge counts and fresh weight was influenced only by flumioxazin rate and formulation. The sprayable formulation provided excellent control regardless of rate. Granular formulation was generally less effective, and additional activation moisture did not improve efficacy. Further studies were conducted with the granular formulation to determine the maximum separation distance between the spotted spurge seed and herbicide prills at which control is possible. Individual prills and spotted spurge seeds were placed on media surface at progressively increasing separation distances. Nonlinear regression of seedling survival data revealed that ≥99% control required a prill–seed separation of ≤5.2 mm. This prill–seed separation requirement is only marginally obtained with the current registered rate, i.e., 0.42 kg ai ha−1 or 168 kg product ha−1. The relationship between control and prill–seed separation distance cannot be manipulated by additional activation moisture. Inadequate contact between the spotted spurge seeds and the flumoioxazin-containing prills is likely the sole cause of inadequate control.
Effects of Postemergence Herbicides on Centipedegrass Seed Production
- Jason A. Ferrell, Timothy R. Murphy, William K. Vencill, Wayne R. Guerke
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / December 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 871-875
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Field studies were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to determine the effect of clethodim, sethoxydim, and halosulfuron on centipedegrass seedhead suppression, seed yield, and seed germination. Clethodim (0.28 kg/ha), sethoxydim (0.31 kg/ha), and halosulfuron (0.06 kg/ha) applications were made at −2, 0, 2, 4, and 6 wk after mowing stopped (WAMS) in each year. Seedhead suppression varied in severity between 2001 and 2002, with increased suppression in 2001. Clethodim reduced seedhead emergence 50 and 33% when applied at 2 and 4 WAMS, respectively, in 2001. Sethoxydim reduced seedhead emergence by 21 and 18% when applied at 2 and 4 WAMS, respectively, in 2001. Halosulfuron had no effect on seedhead emergence in either year and did not reduce seed yield at any application timing. Clethodim reduced seed yield between 22 and 44% at all application timings. The pattern of yield reduction from sethoxydim was similar to that caused by clethodim; however, yield reduction with sethoxydim ranged between 7 and 48% for all application timings. The greatest reduction in seed yield occurred when clethodim and sethoxydim were applied 4 WAMS. Seed germination was not affected by halosulfuron or sethoxydim at any application timing. Clethodim, when applied at 4 and 6 WAMS, decreased seed germination by 17 and 20%, respectively.
Tolerance of Winter-Installed Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and Hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis × C. dactylon) Sod to Herbicides
- Jason A. Ferrell, Tim R. Murphy, William K. Vencill
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 17 / Issue 3 / September 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 521-525
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Studies examined the effect of herbicides on the quality and root strength of winter-installed tall fescue and hybrid bermudagrass sod. Sod was installed in February and treated approximately 30 to 45 d after installation with a variety of preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides. Tall fescue quality was not affected by any herbicide treatment in 2000 or 2001. Root strength reduction occurred only in 2001 by dithiopyr applied PRE at 2.5 kg ai/ha, which is 4.5 times the maximum use rate. No other herbicides decreased tall fescue root strength in either year. Bermudagrass quality was decreased by triclopyr plus clopyralid applied POST, which resulted in 22 and 6% injury 42 d after initial treatment (DAIT) in 2000 and 2001, respectively. However, POST herbicides did not affect bermudagrass root strength in either year. PRE herbicide treatments did not reduce root development in bermudagrass in 2000. However, dithiopyr applied at 0.84 and 2.5 kg/ha reduced bermudagrass rooting by 59 and 70%, 60 DAIT, in 2001. Pendimethalin reduced root development of bermudagrass by 62% when applied at 10.2 kg/ha, three times the maximum use rate, in 2001. However, by 120 DAIT, only dithiopyr applied at 2.5 kg/ha decreased bermudagrass root development.
Effect of Brown Patch (Caused by Rhizoctonia solani) Control on Preemergence Herbicide Efficacy in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)
- Jason A. Ferrell, Tim R. Murphy, Leon L. Burpee, William K. Vencill
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / December 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 747-750
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Field studies evaluated the effect of brown patch control on preemergence herbicide efficacy in tall fescue. Pendimethalin (1.7 followed by [fb] 1.7; 3.4 kg ai/ha), prodiamine (0.7 fb 0.6; 1.3 kg ai/ha), and oxadiazon (2.2 fb 2.2; 4.5 kg/ha), applied sequentially and as a single application, were evaluated for smooth crabgrass control with and without the use of azoxystrobin, a fungicide that controls brown patch. Azoxystrobin suppressed brown patch and increased smooth crabgrass control with pendimethalin in both years. This enhanced efficacy with azoxystrobin was attributed to improved tall fescue turf density and thus increased competition between this turf species and smooth crabgrass. Longer soil-residual herbicides such as oxadiazon and prodiamine provided high levels of smooth crabgrass control (often >90%). With the exception of oxadiazon at 4.5 kg ai/ha in 2000, smooth crabgrass control with oxadiazon and prodiamine was unaffected by the use of azoxystrobin.
Evaluation of Disaster Preparedness Based on Simulation Exercises: A Comparison of Two Models
- Andres Rüter, Lisa Kurland, Dan Gryth, Jason Murphy, Monica Rådestad, Ahmadreza Djalali
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 10 / Issue 4 / August 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 February 2016, pp. 544-548
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Objective
The objective of this study was to highlight 2 models, the Hospital Incident Command System (HICS) and the Disaster Management Indicator model (DiMI), for evaluating the in-hospital management of a disaster situation through simulation exercises.
MethodsTwo disaster exercises, A and B, with similar scenarios were performed. Both exercises were evaluated with regard to actions, processes, and structures. After the exercises, the results were calculated and compared.
ResultsIn exercise A the HICS model indicated that 32% of the required positions for the immediate phase were taken under consideration with an average performance of 70%. For exercise B, the corresponding scores were 42% and 68%, respectively. According to the DiMI model, the results for exercise A were a score of 68% for management processes and 63% for management structure (staff skills). In B the results were 77% and 86%, respectively.
ConclusionsBoth models demonstrated acceptable results in relation to previous studies. More research in this area is needed to validate which of these methods best evaluates disaster preparedness based on simulation exercises or whether the methods are complementary and should therefore be used together. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:544–548).
Microscopic Techniques for Sterility Assurance Support in the Medical Products Industry
- Jason R. Mantei, Mary Ann Murphy, Laurie Stojanovic, Laura Wahlen, Mark Pasmore, James P. DiOrio
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 21 / Issue S3 / August 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 September 2015, pp. 63-64
- Print publication:
- August 2015
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Notes on Contributors
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- By Jennifer J. Baker, Noelle A. Baker, Jason Berger, Ronald A. Bosco, Kristin Boudreau, Sterling F. (“Rick”) Delano, Neal Dolan, David O. Dowling, Susan L. Dunston, Leslie Elizabeth Eckel, Randall Fuller, Len Gougeon, David Greenham, Jennifer Gurley, Robert D. Habich, Alan Hodder, Glen M. Johnson, Daniel R. Koch, Alfred G. Litton, John Lysaker, Daniel S. Malachuk, Saundra Morris, Wesley T. Mott, Jillmarie Murphy, Joel Myerson, Bonnie Carr O’neill, Todd H. Richardson, Jacob Risinger, David M. Robinson, Jan Stievermann, Roger Thompson, Albert J. Von Frank, Leslie Perrin Wilson
- Edited by Wesley T. Mott, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts
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- Ralph Waldo Emerson in Context
- Published online:
- 05 December 2013
- Print publication:
- 09 December 2013, pp xi-xviii
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New records of two trypetesid burrowing barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Acrothoracica: Trypetesidae) and their predation on host hermit crab eggs
- Angela E. Murphy, Jason D. Williams
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- Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom / Volume 93 / Issue 1 / February 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 October 2012, pp. 107-133
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Acrothoracican barnacles of the genus Trypetesa are obligate symbionts of hermit crabs that burrow into the gastropod shells occupied by their hosts. In the present study, hermit crabs were examined for the presence of trypetesids, based on collections from the United States, Jamaica, and the Philippines made between 1997 and 2008. Shells from Jamaica and New York contained Trypetesa lateralis, a trypetesid previously documented from central California. Trypetesa lateralis is redescribed based on light and scanning electron microscopy, showing the presence of an external mantle flap and asymmetrical opercular bars diagnostic for this species. The mean prevalence of trypetesids in Jamaica was 8.3% and most barnacles were associated with Calcinus tibicen; in New York the barnacles were found in 1.6% of shells occupied by Pagurus longicarpus. Specimens from the Philippines were identified as Trypetesa spinulosa (formerly known only from Madagascar) based on the presence of their diagnostic orificial palps. The mean prevalence of T. spinulosa in the Philippines was 3.7% and most barnacles were associated with Calcinus spp. Hermit crab eggs were observed in the guts of T. lateralis from Jamaica and T. spinulosa from the Philippines. In both of these regions the trypetesids were found significantly more often in shells occupied by female hermit crab hosts (80–87% with females). These findings suggest the barnacles be classified as transient parasites. The biology of trypetesids is reviewed and a key to the family is provided. Further studies are needed to determine if egg predation occurs in all trypetesids and the impacts on hosts.
Contributors
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- By Pina Amin, Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, Sarah L. Bell, M. J. Blott, Hajeera Butt, Edwin Chandraharan, Joanna Crofts, Mark Denbow, Mandish K. Dhanjal, Stergios K. Doumouchtsis, Timothy J. Draycott, Rohan D'Souza, David Fraser, Guy Jackson, Nina Johns, Tracey Johnston, Justin C. Konje, Audrey Long, Louay S. Louis, Paul A. Mannix, Mahishee Mehta, Nutan Mishra, Sambit Mukhopadhyay, Deirdre J. Murphy, Vivek Nama, Osric Navti, Catherine Nelson-Piercy, Jane E. Norman, Geraldine O'Sullivan, Sara Paterson-Brown, Leonie Penna, Neelam Potdar, Helen Scholefield, Jason Scott, Dimitrios M. Siassakos, Gordon C. S. Smith, Lisa Story, Bryony Strachan, Devi Subramanian, Abdul H. Sultan, Ranee Thakar, Austin Ugwumadu, Rajesh Varma, James J. Walker, Steve Walkinshaw, Richard Warren, Melissa Whitten, Melissa K. Whitworth, Julian Woolfson, Steve Yentis
- Edited by Richard Warren, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
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- Best Practice in Labour and Delivery
- Published online:
- 15 March 2010
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- 17 September 2009, pp vii-x
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New Results on Quasar Outflows
- Fred Hamann, Nissem Kanekar, Jason X. Prochaska, Michael T. Murphy, Nikola Milutinovic, Sara Ellison, Wim Ubachs, Gary Ferland
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- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 5 / Issue S267 / August 2009
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- 03 June 2010, p. 399
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- August 2009
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Accretion disk outflows are an important part of the quasar phenomenon. They might play a major role in distributing metals to the galactic surroundings, halting growth of the central black hole and providing kinetic energy “feedback” to regulate star formation in the host galaxies. Some models of galaxy evolution indicate that feedback requires kinetic energy luminosities, LK, that are ~5% of the quasar bolometric; LK/L = Ṁwν2/2η:Ṁaccc2 ~ 5% is possible if Ṁw ~ Ṁacc (with ν~ 0.1c, and η ~ 0.1). Here we describe results from two studies designed to test the theoretical energetics of radiatively driven outflows and derive observational constraints on the outflow geometry and physical properties emphasizing weaker outflow features like NALs and mini-BALs.
Potential ethnic modifiers in the assessment and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: challenges for the future
- Warachal E. Faison, Susan K. Schultz, Jeroen Aerssens, Jennifer Alvidrez, Ravi Anand, Lindsay A. Farrer, Lissy Jarvik, Jennifer Manly, Thomas McRae, Greer M. Murphy, Jason T. Olin, Darrel Regier, Mary Sano, Jacobo E. Mintzer
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- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 19 / Issue 3 / June 2007
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- 23 April 2007, pp. 539-558
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Objective: Despite numerous clinical trials, it is unknown whether ethnicity affects treatment response to cognitive enhancers in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is convincing evidence of ethnic and genetic variability in drug metabolism. This article reviews the available data on ethnicity in clinical trials for AD to answer two questions: (1) what are the challenges to diagnose and treat AD across different ethnic groups, and (2) are there differences in response to pharmacologic interventions for AD across these different ethnic groups?
Method: Available data from Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) randomized controlled clinical trials and from randomized controlled industry-sponsored trials for four cognitive enhancers (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and sabeluzole) were pooled to assess the numbers of non-Caucasian participants.
Results: The participation of ethnic minority subjects in clinical trials for AD was dependent on the funding source, although Caucasian participants were over-represented and non-Caucasian participants were under-represented in the clinical trials. Because of the low participation rate of ethnic minorities, there were insufficient data to assess any differences in treatment outcome among different ethnic groups. Strategies to improve diversity in clinical trials are discussed.
Conclusion: Greater participation of ethnically diverse participants in clinical trials for AD would generate additional information on possible differences in metabolism, treatment response, adverse events to therapeutic agents, and could foster the investigation of genetic variability among ethnic groups.